Taxation in the United Kingdom

Measures of separate business and independent work Laid down certain components and tests by the courts, throughout the years, which are pertinent might be helpful to decide the idea of an agreement. Right of Control The connected with has a privilege to control the worker however it isn't really should be utilized by and by. This sort of control generally utilized by connected to control when or potentially were the worker play out his/her administrations, how it is perform, and what errands must be performed however in a work (where representative is a specialist) this control won't be important.Under the independent work the individual who play out the work is typically allowed to pick when and where to do as such. Monetary Risk The principle differentiation in budgetary hazard among worker and independent work individual is that the subsequent one is prepared to chance own cash by purchasing a materials expected to play out the work, and furthermore paying for overheads and beari ng the running expenses. The utilized individual not endure any costs identified with the lead of monetary movement. In the event that any of extra expense if there should arise an occurrence of occupation invades will be required the independently employed individual must bear them on win risk.Equipment In this circumstance independently employed individual may need to purchase resources and hardware to perform specific occupation which must be finished. The worker is getting everything under the agreement. Work execution and rectification Also the drew in will be normal from the representative certain long periods of work performed day by day or week by week, and at the connected with premises, however it is conceivable to settle on an understanding between them to work adaptable hour at the spots acknowledged by both sides.If any revision will be required for the work done, independently employed individual needs to make that remedy with no extra installment ND in own time, yet u tilized individual is as yet ready to make that adjustment inside the work time. Occasions and infection The worker has a privilege to go for a vacation or take an affliction with no danger that that time won't be (paid leave), a similar circumstance for independently employed implies that nowadays will be unpaid. Selectiveness That implies the worker is recruited by one just manager, and he/she is an essential piece of the business.In independent work the individual has typically more than one customer and the individual isn't basic piece of customer business. 3. Blackouts According to above tests and factors, which were applied to the contextual analysis, considerations emerges that Kathy ought to be treated by HOME as a worker instead of independently employed. UK annual TAX In I. J charge framework we can characterize specific kind assessments into gatherings: direct duties and aberrant expenses. A. Direct duties are charged on salary, benefits and we can to identify generally s ignificant: personal assessment, capital additions expense, legacy and partnership charge. B. Roundabout charges, e. G.VAT are charged Of spending and it is added to the cost of the item or administration purchased. 1 Taxable individual Individuals who are inhabitant in the UK for an expense year are commonly charged to personal duty on the entirety of their pay for the year. There are two exemptions to this general standard: A. A few types of salary are absolved from annual assessment B. UK inhabitants whose house isn't for all time in the UK to the degree that the salary is dispatched to the ASK. 4. Expense year Tax year for people additionally may be alluded to as financial years or long stretches of evaluations and it runs from 6 April to the accompanying 5 April.Any changes to the assessment framework are generally produce a n results from the beginning of next duty year. They are proposed in the yearly Budget discourse. 5. Self evaluation Self appraisal impacts the individuals who get sent a government form or solicitation a duty turn and specific it applies to the accompanying gatherings of individuals: independently employed, colleagues, organization chiefs, representative or retired person with went along charge issues, trustees. Person's risk for an expense year must be evaluated if there is absurd to expect to gather full obligation for a duty year deducted at source or PAYEE system.In this circumstance that individual from the outset must finish ‘self appraisal assessment form'. Citizen needs to finish expense form and the measure of assessment due and might be determined by him/her and afterward check by HOME, or this figuring may be made by HOME if citizen like to do as such. Self evaluation assessment form has a 6 pages essential record and may be included valuable pages if necessary for reasons for citizen. There is an accessible shorter government form archives which have 4 pages and it contains less complex duty affairs.There is additio nally a likelihood to document assessment form electronically by the HOME site. Expense form filling and summation dates are as per the following: A. For paper returns †31 October following the finish of the assessment year B. For electronically returns †31 January following the finish of the expense year It needs to finish in full and citizen can't discard any figures. 6. Installment dates First installment on accounts (POP) must be made by 31 January of the assessment year. Second installment On accounts must be made by 31 July next after assessment year and last adjusting installment or discount is made by 31 January.This is likewise first installment on records of the accompanying duty year. 7. Methods engaged with use of overcharges, interests and punishments PENALTIES †TAX RETURN A. Punishments for late accommodation of expense form depends from length of being late and they are as per the following: 1 day late El 00 and applies in any event, when the duty own h as been pair or there is no assessment to pay 3 months late or every one of the next day is E 10, as long as 90 days Max IEEE a half year late whichever will be higher IEEE or 5% of the sum due a year late whichever will be higher DEED or 5% of the sum due.When it is not kidding case the citizen may ascend to 100% of sum due rather If any of records submitted to HOME by a citizen prompts modest representation of the truth of the sum charge due and it is a direct result of indiscreet or conscious at that point single punishment applies. This is communicated as a level of expected lost income as follows: A. 100% if mistake is ‘concealed and conscious' B. 70% in the event that that error was ‘deliberate however not hid ‘ C. In every single other case the rate is 30%, likewise 30% if individual subject to inform HOME Of under-appraisal has neglected to do as such.

Academic freedom in Australia Essays

Scholastic opportunity in Australia Essays Scholastic opportunity in Australia Essay Scholastic opportunity in Australia Essay Scholastic opportunity in Australia: a suzerain region? On 24 September, 2013 Deakin University got one of just four Australian colleges with a committed strategy on scholarly opportunity. The principles and precept of scholastic opportunity have been long †¦ What is it about our colleges that makes and so on What is the territory of dispute in Australian colleges? This request is shockingly difficult to answer. There is fairly a bunch of dispute communicated in both expert and open fora, with no difficulties foreseen or experienced ; at a similar clasp, there is fairly a bunch of concealment and concealment of contradiction. There are a figure of approaches to approach the issue. One assault is to take a gander at strategies and authority articulations about scholastic opportunity. Martin 2002 ; 7 The privilege to reasonable opportunity and the duty of colleges non to meddle with that privilege is a troublesome won and since quite a while ago held custom and is perceived by the most Enterprise Agreements in Australian colleges therefore. Scholarly and levelheaded opportunity in the college scene is a negative right or independence to print and pass on unreservedly. This forces a negative obligation on the college - that is, a duty non to meddle in scholastic opportunity of address. [ 1 ] In an investigation of every one of the 39 Australian colleges and their undertaking understandings in 2001, Jackson found that while about half made some notice to scholastic opportunity in their understandings, around one tierce contained expound provisos on scholarly opportunity. At one terminal of the investigation, the University of Adelaide understanding contained an all-encompassing scholarly opportunity proviso, partner scholastic opportunity to polished skill and obligation, at the other Deakin University had no scholastic opportunity condition by any stretch of the imagination, alongside a large portion of the colleges in the state. Jackson watches, by and by, that the transition to coordinate some look of committedness to scholarly opportunity had started and that by 2003 both the University of Sydney and the University of Melbourne had extensive provisos perceiving scholastic opportunity, the last focusing on guarding the scholastic opportunity of all staff and understudies to indict in basic enquiry, sane talk and open dispute without fear or favor. [ 2 ] As Jackson demonstrates, attempt understandings were non the solitary start of committedness to the doctrines of scholarly opportunity, with a figure of foundations cherishing it in codifications of conduct. In 2001, the Southern Cross UniversityCode of Conductwent each piece far as demonstrating scholastic opportunity as a warrant: The University will: ( a ) Guarantee scholarly opportunity of both enquiry and look gave such enquiry and look does non struggle material State or Commonwealth rule law (, for example, backbiting and privateness Torahs ) and gave that if contrasts emerge, the University s distinction revelation designs are watched. [ 3 ] Since August, 2012 the Southern Cross University seems to hold resiled from such a warrant. While the university’s newCode of Conductupholds the privilege of its staff to participate and uninhibitedly indict in open contention, it does as such with impressive creation. Such commitment should now relate straightforwardly to the scholastic or other specific able nation of an employee’s nation of expertness, the official may use the University’s name and reference and give the rubric of their University task so as to set up their qualifications. [ 4 ] Corresponding to open comment, the majority of the colleges refered to in contained provisions that looked for a harmony between the privilege to scholarly opportunity and an obligation to show that opportunity inside the limits of scholastic expertness and without inclination to the college. Griffith University’sCode of Conductprovinces: This Code does non detract from the scholarly opportunity of staff of the University. As a staff part you are urged to indict basic and detached enquiry and participate in valuable negative judgment on undertakings of open worry inside your nation of ability. [ 5 ] This is the tenor of the phrasing in many understandings refering to scholarly opportunity and In 2012 everything except two Australian colleges - the University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern Queensland - have generous conditions of sound opportunity. The law partner to scholastic opportunity in Australia In a milestone occurrence in February 2001, a University of Wollongong scholastic Ted Steele was immediately excused for talking out against ( what he guaranteed were ) falling rules due to the delicate marking’ he was told to use by college removal. In the Steele Case’ , the University was sought after to the Federal Court for out of line excusal by the National Tertiary Education Union ( NTEU ) . The full seat of the Federal Court governed in Steele’s favor the undermentioned twelvemonth and the employee was restored ( before making a province with the college ) . While the contention around scholarly opportunity had in reality seethed differently all through the state during the 50 mature ages earlier, the Steele occasion turned into a milestone in the safeguard system of scholastic opportunity in Australia and, essentially, a preliminary for how an excusal, saw as a surge on scholastic opportunity and free location, can reaction on a college removal. [ 6 ] Following the Steele example, the NTEU heightened its campaigning of the Commonwealth specialists to introduce authoritative assurance for scholarly opportunity for Australian colleges. This case - and a figure of maltreatment on scholastic opportunity Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ( SSCEEWR ) Inquiry into Academic Freedom in the second 50% of 2008 In Australia, the Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Work environment Relations ( SSCEEWR ) led an Inquiry into Academic Opportunity in the second 50% of 2008. The enquiry had been set up in the expiring yearss of the Coalition-controlled Senate in late June 2008. On 4 December the Inquiry discharged its examination. An investigation of such an enquiry typically has a similar rubric as the Inquiry itself. In an implication of its discoveries, this examination bears the rubric Allegations of scholarly bias in colleges and schools’ ( SSCEEWR 2008 ) . Gelber 2008 The NTEU re-characterized judicious opportunity to include: the privileges of all staff and understudies of higher guidance foundations to participate in assurance conceiving techniques and developments inside their foundation, including the option to show conclusions about the tasks of that foundation and higher guidance approach all the more for the most part. [ 7 ] Macquarie University Jackson makes the of import point that while a codification is non legally binding an announcement may be made that a codification making or bearing witness to positive rights, for example, scholarly opportunity would make an estoppel †¦ . Harming trust by a scholastic on the codification would do it conscienceless for the college to dismiss the announcements in the code. [ 8 ] This case - bury alia - and genuine campaigning by the NTEU accelerated a move by the so Labor Government to change theHigher Education Support Act 2003in 2011.The corrections were to remember communicated notice for its articles to the exposure and security of free discerning enquiry in procurement, guidance and look into and to tie backing of colleges to a committedness to have approach maintaining free sound enquiry comparable to obtaining, guidance and research ( s.19.115 ) . The Act presently requires all higher guidance providers to adjust to the revisions ( s.19.115 of the Act ) so as to run into the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency ( TEQSA ) ’s provider enlistment measures for proceeded with help. Scholastic opportunity and Victorian colleges An investigation of Victoria’s eight colleges by the Deakin University Policy Office demonstrates all have in topographic point attempt understandings joining commissariats for objective opportunity. These commissariats are made an interpretation of differently to other strategy puts over the colleges. Everything except the University of Melbourne contain their in understanding proclamations on scholastic opportunity inside their Media strategies. The University of Melbourne tends to the issue of scholarly opportunity inside a particular arrangement on Academic Freedom of Expression. RMIT University, Monash University and Deakin University accommodate scholarly opportunity in both their media approaches and codifications of conduct. Everything except the University of Melbourne contain an announcement back uping scholastic opportunity with the alert that such opportunity must be practiced inside an academic’s nation of expertness. The colleges shift in their use of confinements on different features of conveying from inside the college. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy goes great past the commissariats of its undertaking understanding, saying clearly the express right of all bookmans at the University to look for truth and to keep and show assorted feelings. It focuses on that such look ought to be hearty and uninhibited and perceives other than that bookmans are qualified for show their contemplations and assessments in any event, when making so may do offense. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy does an announcement of scholarly obligation yet without restriction. The strategy focuses on that researchers may keep their ain positions and talk uninhibitedly regarding all matters, even outside their expertness, and in any event, putting themselves as individuals from the University. The approach demands only that employees express themselve

5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan

5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan 5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan 5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a LoanWe all want to help out where we can. But do your homework first.  Congratulations! Your credit is looking good. Youve got money in the bank, and youve been following a responsible budget for a while now. All this financial success  is great for you, of course, but it can also open you up to some pretty interesting requests.See, when your credit isnt so hot, it can be difficult to gain access to traditional lines of credit and cash that are readily available to people with great credit, like you. If you  want a new credit card, all you have to do is apply and voila! There it is! Want to take out a personal loan? The bank will bend over backward to give you one. Want to go back to school? FAFSA will literally throw money at you. OK,  maybe not literally, but the point still stands:  Things are a lot easier when you have a good credit score.When you have bad credit, its not so simple. Any emergency can mean financial ruin, and when you have now here else to turn, predatory no credit check loans and high-interest cash advances seeming like  the only options.  But heres the thing, people with bad credit who get their friends and family with good  credit to vouch for them can have a much easier time.If you have good credit, dont be surprised if someone youre close to asks you to cosign for them on a loan, a credit card or  a lease. Instead, you should ask yourself these five questions.1. What exactly does cosigning mean?When you cosign on something, it means that you are being asked to take on the other persons debt if they are unable to pay it. According to the FTC, in order to cosign on a loan for someone, you must first sign a cosigners notice, which lays out the terms of the agreement:You are being asked to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower does not pay the debt, you will have to. Be sure you can afford to pay if you have to, and that you want to accept this responsibility.You may have to pay up to the full amount of the debt if the borrower does not pay. You may also have to pay late fees or collection costs, which increase this amount.The creditor can collect this debt from you without first trying to collect from the borrower.* The creditor can use the same collection methods against you that can be used against the borrower, including suing you or garnishing your wages. If this debt is ever in default, that fact may become a part of your credit record.This notice is not the contract that makes you liable for the debt.*Depending on the laws in your state, this may not apply. If state law forbids a creditor from collecting from a co-signer without first trying to collect from the primary debtor, this sentence may be crossed out or omitted.2. What (and who) is the loan for?So youve been asked to cosign on something. Before you sign on the dotted line, its important you establish exactly what youre helping this person to get. Theres a big difference between helping someone get a college education,  helping  to lease a brand new car, or helping  someone get an apartment.While its noble to want to help someone go to college, for example, you could be potentially signing on to hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of debt. What if the student in question drops out and cant find a job? Youll be on the hook for the full cost of their education. What if theyre irresponsible and miss payments? Your credit will take a hit.You also need to consider who this person is to you. Are they your child? Your sister? Your friend from high school who randomly messaged you on Facebook? Remember, no matter how close you are to this person, you are not obligated to risk your good financial standing for them.3. Why does this person need a cosigner?This is an important point to consider before legally binding yourself to someone. Why, exactly, do they need you to cosign for them? Was their identity stolen by a scammer who racked up fake debt in their name? Are they a young teenager  who  doesnt have ANY credit â€"good or badâ€"yet? Are they stuck in debt spiral from predatory payday loans or title loans? Have they filed for bankruptcy? Been evicted because they couldnt pay their rent?Dont be shy. This person is asking you to legally vouch for their debts, and you deserve to get a full and honest picture of their financial history before you agree to anything. If you know this person well, ask yourself whether you consider them to be responsible. Have you ever seen them fall behind on installment loan payments  or on their rent?  Or have you always known them to be good with money?Ask them about their credit score, about their payment history. Make sure you know about their job history, and their current monthly income and expenses.  This might be an uncomfortable conversation to have, but its necessary to completely understand this persons  finances before you risk yours to help them.4. Can I afford to  take on the entirety of this debt?If the answer to this question is no, dont cosign on anything. According to Forbes,  four in ten people who cosign loans end up losing money as a result of this decision. 26 percent of them say it damaged their relationship with the person they were cosigning for, and 28 percent say they experienced a drop in their credit score.In order to avoid something like this happening to you, take a good, hard look at your own finances before you make a decision.  Ask yourself: can you afford an additional $300/month payment on a car you dont have access to? Do you want to carry $50,000 in student loan debt for an education you didnt get? Do you have the money to cover this persons rent  for an entire year?While in a perfect world, you wont have to shoulder any of this debt, you are legally agreeing to do so by co-signing for them. If your life or finances would be significantly damaged by having to take on the entire debt load yourself, you should think twice before cosigning. You dont want to get stuck relying on expensive title loans because a friend or relative let you down.5. What are the risks for my cosigner?Yes, youre not the only one at risk in this arrangement. Particularly when it comes to student loans, the person who youre cosigning for could get stuck with payments they cant afford based entirely on your incomeâ€"not theirs.  Additionally, if you die or declare bankruptcy, the loan you cosigned on may be immediately placed into default.According to a 2014 report from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau:Borrowers report that some lenders demand immediate full repayment upon the death or bankruptcy of their loan co-signer, even when the loan is current and being paid on time. Borrowers also describe facing bureaucratic barriers to releasing co-signers from their loans, a commonly advertised benefit that could help avoid auto-defaults.If you are set on cosigning for someone, make  sure both of you are  thoroughly  educated on the procedure for cosigner release , and on what would happen to the loan if something were to happen to you. Ask the lender these questions before you sign, or you could be putting both of your financial futures in grave danger.To learn more about dealing with debt, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Does Medical Debt Really Go Away After Seven Years?3 Ways an Installment Loan Can Help Your Credit ScoreHow to Pay for College: A Student Loan and Scholarships PrimerHave you ever co-signed a loan We want to hear about your experience!  You can  email us,  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

Essay about The Theme of Justice in King Lear - 1682 Words

The Theme of Justice in King Lear Many themes are evident in King Lear, but perhaps one of the most prevalent relates to the theme of justice. Shakespeare has developed a tragedy that allows us to see mans decent into chaos. Although Lear is perceived as a man more sinned against than sinning (p.62), the treatment of the main characters encourages the reader to reflect on the presence or lack of justice in this world. The characters also vary in their inclination to view the world from either a fatalistic or moralistic point of view, depending on their beliefs about the presence or absence of a higher power. The theme of justice in relation to higher powers can be illustrated from†¦show more content†¦Chaos rules the unnatural. As well, King Lear makes another devastating mistake which affects his relationship with his daughters by asking them to tell him how much they love him in order that he may divide his kingdom according to the strength of their love. Cordelia, the youngest daughter, states that she loves her father according to her bond (p.4). She is saying that she loves him as much as any child could love a father. On the other hand, Goneril and Reagan easily speak the words that their father wants to hear, rather than the truth. Because Lear is not satisfied with Cordelias response, he turns his back on Cordelia and on her love. By doing this he is destroying the natural family unit and lacks the insight to know this. He unjustly punishes Cordelia by banishing her from the kingdom. He casts out his daughter in an unfatherly fashion, yet is gravely upset by the ingratitude of his other two daughters, Goneril and Reagan. Once again, due to Lears lack of wisdom, he fails to recognize the sincerity of Cordelias words. Thus, he puts his relationship with his daughters in jeopardy which results in a constant source of grief for King Lear. King Lear holds firm to his belief that the world is governed by the gods and in justice. Therefore he does not question the will of the gods in lettingShow MoreRelated The Theme of Justice in King Lear Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theme of Justice in King Lear Justice is a balance of misfortune and good fortune; right and wrong according to motives and circumstances of the individuals under judgement. To be just we must consider why they did it and balance out all the evidence and facts and decide on a punishment depending on these. Types of justice that exist in society include criminal justice, legal justice, vigilante justice, natural justice and divine justice. As King Lear is aRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1480 Words   |  6 Pagesplay of â€Å"King Lear† in 1986. This is a typical play of human coarseness and vengeance. The play challenges the audience through the contradiction of the goodness and primordial evil of a man. Many characters in this play demonstrate the tendencies of virtuous or vicious throughout the play. There are many themes in the play, but the most prevailing relates to the subject of justice. Shakespeare demonstrates this thematic deception of themes through instances of legal, divine, poetic justice and ultimatelyRead MoreKing Lear: Themes Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesKing Lear: Themes Many themes are evident in King Lear, but perhaps one of the most prevalent relates to the theme of justice. Shakespeare has developed a tragedy that allows us to see mans decent into chaos. Although Lear is perceived as a man more sinned against than sinning (p.62), the treatment of the main characters encourages the reader to reflect on the presence or lack of justice in this world. 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Over the course of three â€Å"trials,† Lear’s daughtersRead More A Lesson Learned Too Late in King Lear Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesA Lesson Learned Too Late in King Lear      Ã‚   In the first half of the play, King Lear struggles with the problem of authority and the consequences of giving his own authority away.   Lear’s eventual loss of sanity is a result of his ill judgement and unwillingness to part with his power as king.   Yet, the issue of authority is not the only theme that is being dealt with in the play.   King Lear is also about Lear’s search for identity and wisdom in his old age.   The play explores the concept ofRead MoreThe Death Of A Man Of High Power1241 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Justice is a word that seems to be taken for granted by many in modern times. Contemporary people have grown accustomed to the thought of rules and laws set in place to ensure justice throughout the world. Whenever acts of injustice occur, people become outraged and appalled. However, in William Shakespeare’s King Lear ¬, justice is not equitably administered. Defined as a â€Å"story of human actions producing exceptional calamity and ending in the death of a man of high power,† (Bradley), King LearRead More Shakespeare?s 10 things Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphors of death-King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Othello 3. Humor- A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It 4. Pastoral settings- Ling Lear, A midnight Summers Dream 5. Madness and insanity- Othello, Midnight Summer?s Dream, King Lear 6. Reversal- the main character falls from a high place 7. Letters- King Lear, Merchant of Venice 8. Things are not as they appear- King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night?s Dream 9. The Father/Daughter Conflict-Midsummer, King Lear, Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear 1306 Words   |  6 Pageswages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome depictions of sufferingRead MoreThe Search for Justice in Books and Stories Essay597 Words   |  3 PagesThe search for justice is a urge that the natural human wants to satisfy. It is something that always wanting to be found in anything the question asked about it is why. The process to find it is depicted is several book and stories. The story The Crucible by Arthur Miller is an excellent example of the search for justice is the book one of the times that the theme is used is when Mrs. Putnam states â€Å"Reverend Parris, I have laid seven babies unbaptized in the earth. Believe me, sir, you neverRead More Artistic Form in King Lear1240 Words   |  5 Pages King Lear has remained one of Shakespeare’s best works, and one of the best tragedies of all time, since the beginning of the 17th century; however, some early critics believe that certain elements of the story do not satisfy the criteria for a proper tragedy. The two plot elements under speculation are the subplot and the catastrophic ending. The primary focus of the story is set on the elderly King Lear, whose pride and greed blinds him, causing him to banish his only pure daughter, Cordelia,

Latin Numbers - The Ordinal or Ordered Numbers

Latin ordinal numbers are ordered numbers: as in other Indo-European languages, they are adjectives which refer to the order of a set of objects in a list. English ordinals are words like first, second, third, expressed in Latin primus, secundus, tertius. In contrast, cardinal numbers are nouns which tell you how many objects there are. Cardinal numbers in Latin are unus, duo, tres; English versions of those are one, two, three. Variations The ordinal numbers in Latin are declined like first and second declension adjectives. There are some oddities to note: Some versions of the numbers have a variable presence of n before s and both spellings are acceptablefor 21st in the feminine, you might see una et vicesima twenty-first or the contracted form unetvicesima. For other compounds, as in English, different texts use different versions. You may see the larger number before the smaller with no conjoining ​et or you might see the smaller before with larger separated by the conjunction et. Thus, you may see either vicesimus quartus (twenty-fourth, with the et) or quartus et vicesimus (four and twenty, with the et). For 28th, the Latin ordinal number is based on the idea of taking 2 from 30 or duodetricensimus, just as the duo de 2 from precedes 20th in the ordinal number for 18th: duodevicesimus. Primus Through Decimus Below are listed the basic ordinal numbers in Latin with the Roman numeral corresponding to their  value and their English equivalent. Roman Numeral | Ordinal | English TranslationI. | primus (-a, -um) | firstII. | secundus, alter | secondIII. | tertius | thirdIV. | quartus | fourthV. | quintus | fifthVI. | sextus | sixthVII. | septimus | seventhVIII. | octavus | eighthIX. | nonus | ninthX. | decimus | tenth Undescimus Through Nonus Decimus Variations are present in the Latin ordinals for tenth through nineteenth. If that seems strange, recall that English ordinals for 11th (eleventh) and 12th (twelfth) are formed differently than higher ones (thirteenth through nineteenth). Roman Numeral | Ordinal | English TranslationXI. | undecimus | eleventhXII. | duodecimus | twelfthXIII. | tertius decimus or decimus et tertius | thirteenthXIV. | quartus decimus or decimus et quartus | fourteenthXV. | quintus decimus or decimus et quintus | fifteenthXVI. | sextus decimus or decimus et sextus |  sixteenthXVII. | septimus decimus or decimus et septimus | seventeenthXVIII. | duodevice(n)simus, also octavus decimus | eighteenthXIX. | undevice(n)simus, also nonus decimus | nineteenth Ac Deinceps Exortis et Superiora Loca Ordinals higher than 20th follow the same patterns and variations as those seen in first through nineteenth. Roman Numeral | Ordinal | English TranslationXX. | vice(n)simus | twentiethXXI. | unus et vice(n)simus, also vicesimus primus | twenty-firstXXII. | alter et vice(n)simus or vicesimus secundus |  twenty-secondXXX. | trice(n)simus or trigesimus | thirtiethXL. | quadrage(n)simus | fortiethL. | quinquage(n)simus | fiftiethLX. | sexage(n)simus | sixtiethLXX. | septuage(n)simus | seventiethLXXX. | octoge(n)simus | eightiethXC. | nonage(n)simus | ninetiethC. | cente(n)simus | hundredthCC. | ducente(n)simus |  two-hundredthCCC. | trecentensimus | three-hundredthCCCC. | quadringentensimus |  four-hundredthD. | quingentensimus | five-hundredthDC. | sescentensimus | six-hundredthDCC. | septingentensimus | seven-hundredthDCCC. | octingentensimus | eight-hundredthDCCCC. | nongentensimus | nine-hundredthM. | millensimus | thousandthMM. | bis millensimus | two-thousandth

Great Depression Essay examples - 1427 Words

The Great Depression was a difficult time for all the American people. It was a time of unemployment, falling wages, and hope for recovery (â€Å"Chapter 27†). Some of the causes of the Great Depression were government policies, economic factors, and the gold standard (â€Å"Chapter 27†). Other reasons included the fall of the stock market, overseas investments, and the investments in Florida real estate (Farless). The president at the time of this difficult time was President Herbert Hoover. When the Great Depression started, Herbert Hoover took matters into his own hands. President Herbert Hoover came up with multiple recovery attempts. Some of the recovery attempts President Herbert Hoover took were increasing credit,†¦show more content†¦Some of the farmers harassed bank agents who were sent to foreclose their homes. Another thing that the farmers in the Farm Holiday Association did was dump their farming goods (Farless). Another protest that emerged was the Veterans’ Bonus Army. â€Å"The Veterans’ Bonus Army clash in 1932 proved to be the most damaging for Hoover† (Farless). The Veterans’ Bonus Army consisted of 15,000 World War I veterans who traveled to Washington D.C. to demand their early payment of their 1945 planned bonus (Farless). President Herbert Hoover believed that they were anarchists, so he called in troops to break up the army (Farless). This incident was captured on film and it changed President Herbert Hoover’s popularity for the worst (Farless). After the decrease of President Herbert Hoover’s popularity, someone else became th e public’s favorite – Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt came from a wealthy family and was a distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt (Farless). Many of the American voters had confidence in Franklin D. Roosevelt (â€Å"Chapter 28†). Franklin D. Roosevelt told the American people that he would make a new deal for them (â€Å"Chapter 28†). He also promised relief for the unemployment and that he would address the problems of businesses (Farless). Although he seemed like a man that made his own decisions, Franklin D. Roosevelt reliedShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president a nd made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe G reat Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It ca used families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great D epression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come to

How is the Amish Culture represented in the film Witness Essay Example For Students

How is the Amish Culture represented in the film Witness? Essay The significance of this is that the flour is central to the Lapps daily life, without it they have no job and the bullets are central to Books. The two objects are completely opposite to each other they do not pose a threat to each other as long as they are kept separate (like the Amish and the Americans). When they are brought together at the end of the film people are killed using both the flour and the bullets. This could symbolise the threat that the Amish pose to the Americans, they do not know enough about them but judge them anyway. The taunting and teasing of the Amish has led the Americans to underestimate (Grain used to kill corrupt police officer) as they do not retaliate. They are pacifists. More importantly the kitchen is where Rachel is central to, working with the flour (which could represent her relationship with her family), it is as if there is a special place kept by Rachel for Book and Book is rejecting this by taking the bullets away like he did when Rachel gestured for him to make love to her. Like people films also have a language, techniques which communicate with the audience and send a certain message. These techniques involve different camera shots, lighting and sound. Brightness, shadows and darkness can carry different amounts of meaning. High key lighting (bright lighting) suggests a feeling of space, openness and freedom. Low key lighting (dim and shadowed) suggests an eerie and ominous mood. If the director illuminates the face the person may seem innocent and pure. If the bottom half of the face is lit however threat and deviousness is suggested. At the beginning of the film Weir uses a high key lighting effect to illuminate Rachels face as she sits by the window at her husbands funeral. This is when the audience see her as nai ve and innocent. However by highlighting her face we see her natural beauty shine through the unflattering Amish dress. A clue perhaps that someone (Book) will be attracted to her and underlying sub plot exposed. Maurice Jarre who composed the music in Witness used synthesised music principally to help create a feeling of harmony, and thus the music is predominantly light in texture. Even in the murder scene the music mimics the fast heartbeat of the boy, so that we identify with with the boys fear rather than experience a vicarious excitement at the violence of the action. The song What a wonderful world it would be is featured when Book finally gets his car started in the Lapp family barn. The audience sub consciously imagine how wonderful it would be if Book and Rachel got together, however when interrupted by Eli remember that that is only in an idealistic world and realistically without sacrifice remains impossible. To be together Book or Rachel would have to give up their most loved parts of their lives, for example Rachels family and Books detective work, which we know through what Elaine said to Rachel earlier in the film is what he lives for. Most of the action takes place in the countryside, in Amish country around Strasbourg in Pennsylvania. The beauty of the landscape is emphasised using wide angle shots which the camera lingers over for example the artistic shots of the corn swaying in the wind. As well as the set contrasting to the city the speed and style of the shots do too. For example in the country long, slow, panoramic shots are taken emphasising the vast sense of spaciousness and isolation from the world. In the city close up, fast paced, busy shots are used. .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .postImageUrl , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:hover , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:visited , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:active { border:0!important; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:active , .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31 .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a448867723e6f1dfa399c1f9d50db31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Greek culture EssayThe shots are close up when focusing on the characters emotions. For example Books anxiety to get the boy and mother to safety and Samuels fear as he witness the murder. The high dark shot of Samuel in Philadelphia station suggesting his vulnerability contrasts to the bright open shots of him playing confidently in the Amish community. The pace of the shots used throughout Witness match that of the pace of the narrative. At the beginning of the film at the funeral the pace is slow and relaxed. Daniel says to Samuel Your first time in the big city, youll see so many things, so many things like a murder! The irony of Daniels words are reflected through the immediate change in atmosphere to dark busy Philadelphia station where Samuel witness the murder. Slow motion is another technique used by Weir in Witness. When Samuel identifies Mcfee as the murderer in the police station slow motion is used. Here the audience have time to empathise with Samuels astonishment and Books reaction to discovering the fraudulent place he works and that his boss is a murderer. The shots that follow this scene are very fast and represent the feeling of panic and anxiety that Book now feels. As we have seen throughout the film there is a vast contrast between the Amish community scenes and the American city life scenes. When shots of other scenes are needed in the Amish sets the shots fade in to each other, they flow unlike the straight cut editing used to change from the countryside to the city. I think Witness as a film represents the incongruent atmosphere between the cultures. The audience are kept enticed by the number of unravelling sub plots that occur throughout the film. Weir shows no evidence of racism which contributes to the audiences concentration on the main points and themes that run. I think Weir gives a balanced account of the situation that stands and will stand between the two for many years to come, however by showing no evidence of the Amish rumspringa no aspects of this part of the community are revealed and thus the audience are led to believe that the Amish are purely wholesome, which we know is not true for anything. The Amish are perceived to have no individuality in the film, Weir expresses this by shooting scenes of the Amish only as a whole community. At the beginning of the film we are introduced to the Amish as they walk communally showing no evidence of dissimilarity and difference no shots of their faces are witnessed.

The Tiger Shark Essays - Carcharhinidae, Elasmobranchii, Fish

The Tiger Shark Joe Barger Science III December 10, 1999 The Tiger shark's name derives from the distinctive dark bands that run from the top of it's back down along it's sides. The stripes are very evident in younger sharks because the stripes start to fade away as it ages, then turning a gray or brownish color. However, all of the Tiger sharks have an off-white ventral surface. The Tiger sharks' scientific name, Galeocerdo cuvier, consists of its Genus, Galeocerdo, and Species, cuvier, names. The Tiger shark belongs to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Chondrichthyes, and Family Carcharhinidae. Tiger sharks can grow in size up to 20 feet (6m) and in weight 800 pounds. Some Tiger sharks have exceeded these measurements but the average is about 12ft. and 600lbs. Tiger sharks can be found worldwide in tropical waters and most temperate seas. They are most commonly found along the coast of South Africa, the Philippines, Australia, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Caribbean's. The Tiger shark is quite flexible in tolerating different habitats. They inhabit both the surfaces of shorelines and deep, open waters (up to 500 miles away from shore and 150m deep). A few have been found in rivers and small lagoons. The Tiger shark is second to the Great White in being most feared by humans. They are very strong and fast. They use their powerful caudal fins to swim over 20mph. And they have an excellent sense of smell and keen eyesight. Their teeth are saw-edged, razor-sharp, and curved. Their teeth are located in rows and rotate into place as needed. They replace the broken or worn down teeth in both the lower and upper jaws. Most Tiger sharks swim in deep waters during the day and come to shore to feed during the night. The Tiger shark has earned the nickname the garbage can shark. They will take a bite out of anything and then sees if it likes it. Many shocking objects have been found in the stomachs of Tiger sharks including license plates, a baby goat, a suit of armor, a case of wine, and even a mans body from the chest to the knees. Once, a Tiger shark helped solve a murder for the police. A man was found dead in a river missing his right arm. The police thought he was murdered and dumped into the river. Weeks went by and the case wasn't solved yet until a fishermen discovered an arm in the stomach of a Tiger shark he caught in the same river. The arm matched the dead body and the case was solved. However, Tiger sharks mostly feed on fish, turtles, birds, and other sharks. They are solitary animals except during mating. They are ovoviviparous and their young are born after a gestation period of nine months. They are born live in litters of 10-82 pups. The newborn sharks are 20-30 inches long and completely independent. Tiger sharks migrate seasonally up to 1550 miles. A Tiger shark's life span is unknown but it is thought to be about 30 years. Works Cited Fish: The Tiger Shark. http://worldkids.net/critters/fish/shark1.html Tiger Shark Research Program. http://www2.Hawaii.edu/~carlm /tigershark. html. Wimsby, Warren J. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1986 ed.

Kazaa blunder essays

Kazaa blunder essays Kazaa is indicative of E-Commerce I because it was technology driven. The whole system was run from a software design of a Swedish and Dutch designer. The base of Kazaa was modern technology. Revenue growth was not the tremendous part of Kazaa. It did however make revenue from having big corporations advertise on their site, but they did not generate much revenue from its users. In the beginning Kazaa was ungoverned. When recording companies began to spring up and slap the company with copyright infringements, it quickly became more and more governed, leading to its demise. I do not believe that kazaa was totally an entrepreneurial venture, since Napster was founded and marketed before Kazaa existed. One last trait of E-Commerce I was that Kazaa possessed a pure online strategy. It knew its target market and became one of the most popular peer-to-peer sites in the history of the internet. As for E-Commerce II, Kazaa was certainly business driven. They did not have the consume r in mind for their profit making, rather the corporate big names like Microsoft and Net Flix (to name a few). It did hold a certain emphasis on profits, although it was not a huge emphasis. As Kazaa grew and more controversy arouse, it seemed to have more governance and stronger regulations. I feel this was because when it was a hot issue about a year or so ago, it was covered on the news almost n a daily basis. Lastly I feel that kazaa had tremendous follower strength, right up to the end. I can recall the cases were the government was fining a 13-year-old children on their computers for downloading illegal music. Threats were made to the consumer, but they still carried on with Kazaa, especially the college crowd. As stated before, Kazaa made their money through offering advertising on the website. As explained earlier, Kazaa falls into both categories of E-Commerce I The technological advances of peer to peer technology are many. The ease...

Analysis of the Theoretical Concepts of Scientific Management Assignment

Analysis of the Theoretical Concepts of Scientific Management - Assignment Example Scientific Management came to be known after the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911), an engineer by profession. In his book The Principles of Scientific Management, he proposed the fundamental model along which assembly-lines of large-scale manufacturing factories should be made. His model focuses on the standardization of work through an emphasis on division of labour, time, motion studies, work measurement and piece-rate wages (Drury, 1915). Scientific management, or Taylorism, is a management theory aimed to streamline workflow. The fundamental objectives of this theory were to harness the true potential of economic efficiency and labour productivity. Since early 1700s people have been working on formal management principles, but the most significant development in this endeavour came with the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1915). He along with his associates merged the fields of science and business (work). They set out with observing workers productivity in a work setting. Taylor believed in the optimization of work rather than forcing people to work harder or extra. In his book, he proposed the simplification of work in order to enhance or improve workers’ productivity. He proposed a closer association between managers and employees whereas earlier this was least of anyone’s concerns. Managers used to keep a wide distance between their workers and themselves. Due to the lack of standardized work, workers found no real motivation towards their work (Head, 2005). Above all, job security in all cases also added to the worker's disengagement from work. Consequently, in order to raise the bar of motiva tion Taylor proposed the linking of pay with performance.

Sports Logistics & Event Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports Logistics & Event Planning - Essay Example It is always important and also necessary to send guardians to take care of the students and the best way of the sending few people to accompany the students is to bring along the teachers and other officials related to the school. In this way, there could be a great interaction with players as teachers could help out the students while interacting with players. Another thing is that safety of the whole group is ensured when there is someone accompanying them. Now that we are considering the trip, we also need to look at a financial aspect of the whole thing. Since we have mentioned that this trip is intended for the students of the school, one way of generating a part of funds is the use of the school donation money or the school deposits reserve. This way school can be a part of the whole affair and the trip would seem as an official visit to the school to the club and in way garner more respect and hence the hospitality levels of the whole trip attain new levels. Funds generated i n such a manner would also illustrate the levels of interaction with the education and sports bodies of the country. Another part of the funds can be generated by using a small amount of fee which is to be collected by the school authorities from the students who are taking part in the whole trip. Thus the concept of social responsibility of the individual towards the society also comes into picture wherein it is the responsibility of the students who are visiting the club to donate to the club for the development of the club in any manner. In this way funds of the trip can be generated to for the successful trip of the club. Now that we have discussed the methods and areas from where we can generate the funds, we need to look at the cost issue of whole trip so as to get an in depth idea about it. The following rates of the tours give us an idea about the cost of the trip. It is decided by the authorities of the club that along with tour of the club and related academies, visitors a lso are allowed to visit

General motors company

General motors company The overwhelming topic of this paper is without a doubt internationalisation; this process can be described as, the gradual increase in international market involvement a firm engages in within a framework of business and economic factors. Within this document I will describe the different theories and models surrounding internationalisation as a process, and how they can be applied to MNEs. The literature will provide a direct link to the actual processes the chosen company has gone through in order to internationalise. The chosen theories and models will be picked depending on their direct similarity and emphasis they hold, in comparison to the business methods that have allowed the company to expand to the level it is at today. A Bit About General Motors Company The United States (U.S) MNE General Motors Company (GM). Is one of the worlds largest automakers, tracing its roots back to 1908. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 235,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Golden, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Opel Vauxhall and Saab. In 2006 it sold over 9 million cars and trucks globally in 5 continents with a global market share of 13.5 %. Outlined below, are the main theories that I have found explain and express the best, the pattern and path my chosen firm has followed in order to well and truly be considered a MNE. Dunnings Eclectic paradigm which sets out to explain that foreign direct investment as a theory can be unified as long as the firms applying it consider the ownership, location and internalisation of the process that will produce substantial benefits if applied accordingly. This is also the case if the extent, the form and pattern of international production is founded on the juxtaposition of the ownership to specific advantages that a firms posses when contemplating foreign production. This is reflected in GMs move to manufacture most of its China-market vehicles locally, through its Shanghai GM joint venture. The eclectic paradigm has always recognized the importance of the locational advantages of countries as a key determinant of the foreign production of MNEs (Dunning, J.H., 1998. Location and the multinational enterprise: a neglected factor. Journal of International Business Studies 29 1, pp. 45-66. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (223)Dunnin g, 1998). This is reflected by the locational advantages that the area posses but it also offers GM a market seeking investment prospect. There are also plans to create a research facility in Shanghai for $250m to develop hybrid cars and alternative energy vehicles. Therefore GM follows a path suggested by Dunning to gain advantage in terms of competitiveness and cost by ownership in foreign market and aims to expand based on the initial success it has encountered. Initially, too, the eclectic paradigm primarily addressed static and efficiency related issues (Dunning, 1977), but more recently has given attention to the dynamic competitiveness and locational strategy of firms, and particularly the path dependency of the upgrading of their core competencies (Dunning). The Network Approach emphasises the industry as a system of networks, each firm within a network has relationships with customers, suppliers and other actors within their overall business circle. These relations are important competitive advantages which the network model also suggests the firm needs to take into account and evaluate. But not only its own position in the market in relation to its customers, but also the environment of that market in relation to others such as competitors, new entrants etc†¦ In order to study the internationalisation of a firm we need to understand the context in which it operates, such as, environmental conditions and the firms relationships (Madsen Servais, 1997). GM and Fiat formed a strategic alliance, with GM owning a 20% share in Fiat and Fiat SpA receiving 5.1% of GMs shares in exchange. Production and ownership have both been improved when a recent alliance took place under the form of two joint ventures (owned 50% by Fiat and 50% by GM) . The first will conduct purchasing activities, while the second will produce engines and gear equipment which is mainly aimed at cutting expenses. Hence GM has followed the network model to some degree as their joint venture come in terms of relations with Fiat. By collaborating they have reduced the cost and the innovation has resulted in new production techniques. Which gave both of them some degree of competitiveness as they have gained purchasing power as well as reduced cost in terms of purchasing from the suppliers. Firm-specific location advantages and high complementarities make the use of strategic alliances or joint ventures beneficial, whereas country-specific advantages point, in the case of market failure, towards inter-industry trade or wholly owned subsidiary (Moon 1997) Porters Competitive Advantage is the ability gained through attributes and resources to perform at a higher level than others in the same industry or market (Christensen and Fahey 1984, Kay 1994, Porter 1980). By producing goods of a higher standard whilst still using the resources attributed to the location, this results in a superior performance in that sector and yields a higher profit at no extra cost, ensuring survival and a prominent placing within the market. This is perfectly demonstrated by GM in their production of alternative-technology vehicles that include: hybrid vehicles, all electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. All of the models mentioned target a premium price in the automobile market and due to the adaptability and the manipulation of already acquired resources and facilities, the profitability even in a market that has many competitors will override the associated costs of production. This process was based on an already successful business strategy that has be en tried, altered and integrated by the company in the past on similar types of innovative projects. A firms capabilities are a complex pattern of relationships between staff and resources that over time accumulate creating an in house knowledge database that is accessible on multiple levels and makes objectives such as innovation and market superiority a key element that maintains the firm at a high level within its market. Anything that can be moved or sourced from a distance is no longer a competitive advantage† (Porter, M. E. (1998). Location, clusters and the new microeconomies of competition. Journal of Business Economics (in press)..Porter, 1998p. 29). Uppsala Model is the theory that a company gradually expands its operations within its domestic market, firstly gaining knowledge and practical information before deciding on wherever to enlarge their initial operations a little further. These activities will in turn influence market knowledge and market commitment at later stages (Johanson Vahlne, 1977, in Johanson Associates, 1994). Knowledge is the key ingredient to internationalisation in this case, either objective knowledge that can be thought or experiential knowledge that can only be learnt through personal experience. After this acquired the expansion process will continue, overlapping into a foreign market preferably of a close geographic location with also similar cultural understanding. Before again, repeating the process until the optimal market placement for the firm is achieved. This particular internationalisation theory is probably the best suited theory for explaining the internationalisation process that resulted in the creation of General Motors Europe, that was created in 1908 only three years after the companys creation. Early starters can, if they are willing, directly enter large markets not necessarily neighbouring markets but markets culturally close to the home market (Hollensen, 2001). This leap frog effect, going from country to country either setting up joint ventures and strategic partnerships before moving onto more serious operations such as the acquisitions of Vauxhall and Opel in the space of nine years. Today they operate 11 production and assembly facilities in 8 countries, and employ around 64,500 people. Why I Chose GM As A Company To Demonstrate Internationalization For me GM was a perfect candidate to fulfil this assignment not only because it is situated within an industry that is represent well and truly on a global level but also due to the nature of the automobile industry and the pattern and high level of collaboration that takes place within it. There is also a historic background to the company, spanning over a century of knowledge in automobile producing that is rooted back in the industrial manufacturing sector for automobiles in the U.S Detroit Michigan. The brand recognition is still very strong in the U.S representing one of the big American corporations that has lasted for the good part of a century, which represents the spirit of capitalism that the country adores. This also obviously happens to be the main market that they have relentlessly continued to supply resulting in it being their prime customer. The rich history behind GM can be understood by the large amount of collaborations it has gone through over time. Internationalisation Within The Industry The American automobile industry is the biggest in the world in terms of number of cars manufactured and sold. The U.S. automobile market is saturated with the global car manufacturing companies however; the majority of the market share is occupied by domestic and Japanese companies. The outcome of this is a drop in the level of consumption as there are too many entrants competing in the same industry. Because of this decrease in consumption, the automobile industry leaders have been offering attractive incentives and lower prices leading to a loss in profitability. The world-class automakers are gradually expanding into foreign markets, as new emerging markets in China, South East Asia and South America are showing signs of sustainable economic growth. GM overseas operations were a method of diversifying themselves against the risks and uncertainties in their domestic market life cycle, by setting up new operations abroad multinationals can diminish adverse economic downturns. Most MNEs also follow a pattern that has often been laid out in front of them by competitors or similar sized companies that have adopted or mimicked behaviour that has been tested and proven to be success, if the right measures are taken when adopting it. For instance, it has been argued that organizations tend to imitate actions that have been taken by large numbers of organizations, because such practices are legitimized or their success is taken for granted (Fligstein; Haunschild; Haveman; Kraatz; Lewitt). This can also have an adverse affect on an MNE when entering a new market, leaving them less cautious and with a diminished aspiration towards growth, knowing that the chances of that market already being saturated and that the first come first served knowledge is already guaranteed not to be in their possession. This often happens when the specific market they enter does not suit their domain of expertise and experience, resulting in them investing much faster and with a lesser de gree of uncertainty that they would have usually applied. What Processes Lead To The Internationalization Of GM? GM has been involved in a range of global ventures aimed at extending their penetration and shares in the carmakers market and also increased its share of the sales. GM uses exports, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances to enter foreign markets based on business considerations. GM has also expanded its capabilities in manufacturing through technological competences. This was achieved by forming subsidiaries, strategic alliances and joint ventures with other automobile companies in different parts of the world. According to (GM Press Release, 2006), the company has been involved in a range of global ventures throughout its history, each of which has aimed at extending its market penetration. Partnering enables GM to rapidly expand its technical fields and brings that knowledge in-house transferring it to multiple levels within the business, even extending it sometimes to corporate issues. Through the various stages of internationalisation, GM was able to enlarge its distribution and provide access to essential materials. Additionally, the company developed and improved its operations, facilities and processes all of which have provided access to new technologies and a rich database of knowledge and new capabilities. GMs move to internationalise was mainly to reduce costs, attract a larger market and the creation of strategic alliances. The company strategically allied with Fiat in 2000 by acquiring 20 percent of Fiats equity to establish a joint procurement venture. With a split of 50 percent of the capital each, giving them a concentrated purchasing power of about $32 billion per annum, this alliance has the capacity to strengthen their bargaining power as well as reducing the supplier management cost. GM also moved production overseas, as the number of internal competitors grew too high in most of the emerging country home markets. GM needed to find a new incentive to manage a new market while remaining at low cost. A Typical MNEs Move Towards Internationalisation GM is a good example of an MNE which underwent internationalization whilst maintaining its position as one of the leading carmakers. It has also followed the theories laid out about internationalisation such as the typical way a company proceeds to penetrate and enter a foreign market. Firstly the firm will look at the options available and analyse what will be best suited for them considering the high degree of uncertainty and risk associated with entering an unknown market. One such option available to it is licensing, but it has to be assessed in a precautious way, due to the fact that they might be risking firm specific advantages by engaging in premature licensing agreements, this is also the least preferred of all three options due to the fact that there is a risk of knowledge dissipation. The only instance when licensing will be considered as a viable option is if the revenue generated from the licensee exceeds the cost of policing it. But also, if they do choose go for an ear ly licensing agreement it may be because their firms specific advantage is hard to duplicate or they have a tight control over the licensee, meaning that they would find it very hard and potentially dangerous to resell any kind of sensitive material to any potential competitor or a third party of any kind. The second option is the possibility that the MNE might only be willing to export at first if the demand of the local market is not high enough for them to want to engage in foreign direct investment and set up an overseas subsidiary, or they may also consider this as a possibly a bit longer down the line depending on the potential growth generated from initial sale patterns and the profitability a larger scale operation would yield. The exporting option also depends on the trade agreements, tariff barriers, taxes, transportation costs and quotas between the two countries involved which sub sequentially determine if the operation will be profitable or maybe another option should b e considered. GM Case Studies Below are two strong examples of how internationaisation has been reproduced by GM in two separate continents. The first is the case of General Motors do Brasil, which is GMs third largest operation outside of the U.S after being recently overtaken by China. In the beginning, the activities were in the assembly of vehicles imported from the United States. After five years, GMB officially opened its first plant in 1930 in Sà £o Paulo. Here we can see that exporting lead to the full scale creation of a production facility which was so successful a second one was opened 28 years later, thus resulting in Brasil being the main exporter of GM automobiles in the whole of South America. Breaking out of their domestic market and becoming an exporter themselves in a very short space of time and for such a large operation really does provide evidence that internationalisation does not spread from one point outwards with only one epicentre at its core but rather creates and distributes smaller nodes that in time expand themselves and repeat the process so on, just as how it is described in the network a pproach. Once the firm has passed the cultural barriers and had its first experience of foreign operations, it is generally willing to conquer one market after another (Carlson, 1966. S. Carlson , Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, International business research, Uppsala (1966).CarlCCarlson, 1966). The second example is when the Cadillac brand was introduced to China in 2004, starting with imports from the U.S, which then lead to the Chevrolet making its first appearance on the Chinese market one year later. They were then able to move production operations to their Shanghai GM plant which opened as a joint venture with SAIC in 1997, initially created for the Buick brand that is especially strong in China. In this case exporting was clearly used as a testing method for foreign products penetrating the Chinese domestic market, market-specific knowledge and general knowledge are important for a firms internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). This also clearly outlines the typical way a company like GM would proceed in its internationalisation process, firstly by exporting a product that clearly had success amongst the local population which lead to the joint venture being formed and being able to produce the product on location for the domestic market. In 2007 the sales v olume for the Buick brand over took the sales in their original market the U.S, selling approximately 330, 000 making up 35% of the total automobile sales in the whole of China. The advantages that market opened up for them are truly extraordinary, when the Chinese started to manufacture smaller engines for their domestically made Buicks, the U.S saw the profitability and started importing them for a different model in their own market thus reducing the costs on both sites which really proves to be the sign of a mutual beneficial venture for both of them. Conclusion Internationalisation goes hand in hand with globalisation and they are both forever expanding concepts that due to their nature will continue to push from market to market to country to country feeding off the capitalist lifestyle we live under. The businesses that start to see internationalisation on the horizon will become smaller and more local as time goes by as all areas of business and trading will be linked some way or another. The number of small to medium enterprises will diminish and will start to become part of a wider group of companies belonging to a conglomerate which will in turn be associated with a number of other conglomerates. Internationalisation is fast becoming the process a company follows if it encounters any kind of success and is norm amongst businesses that expand their horizons.

Revolutionized Relationship Essay -- Canadian History

One of the major problems associated with a bilingual country, inevitably, is national unity. In Canada, national unity usually refers to the relations between both the French and English Canadians. English-French relations have always been unstable, ever since the English conquest on the French in the late 1800s. In the twentieth century, this link was further depreciated primarily because of conscriptions during the First and Second World War along with the Quiet Revolution and the October Crisis. Conscription during the First and Second World War was one of the initial major causes that began the deterioration of French-English relations largely because the French had no desire to go to war. The Quiet Revolution was an effort to redefine the role of the francophone civilization inside Canada, which was an attempt at strengthening the French-English relationship. Lastly, the October Crisis, which was a sequence of events that were set off by two kidnapping of government official s by members of the FLQ, Front de liberation du Quebec, caused an uprising between French and English Canadians. Theses moments in history greatly affected the French-English Relation greatly. During the twentieth century, the main reasons for the changes of French-English relationships are conscription during the World Wars, the Quiet Revolution and the October Crisis. When World War One was declared, the French immediately made it clear that they had no interest in fighting in the war, especially alongside the English Canadians. Conscription during the war one of the leading causes that worsened, the already weak English-French relations. Because Canada was part of the British Empire, they were involuntarily forced to partake in the war with the... ... with Quebec and bake until separated. The Martlet. Date of publication May 9, 2012. http://www.mar tlet.ca/martlet/article/recipe-separatism/. French English Relations. Dufferin-Peel Catholic School Board. http://www.dpcdsb.org/NR/rdonlyres/1038755C-4E4C-40DB-837B- DE4023D0B133/38622/FrenchEnglishRelations1950PresentNotes.pdf. French-English Relations. Prairie Land Regional Divisions. Last modified March 2006. http://www.plrd.ab.ca/public/v/ellen.vanderkolk/projectroom/ss10- 13/fr.eng.relations.htm. M. D. Behiels, Francophone-Anglophone Relations. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Last modified 2012. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/ francophoneanglophone-relations. Robert Bothwell. The October Crisis. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Date of publication November 15, 2010. http://www.cdnexperience.ca/read-the-series/29-the- october-crisis/.

The Love for American Football

Someone who is from another country like me, may believe that life in the United States is very diverse from life anywhere else. Countless people from other countries have a completely distorted image of how we may live there in America and the mentalities thatthey all posess. Not all of Americans are spoiled, overweight, or are obsessed with football. All of them are completely different for the most part, and are actually concerned about what is occurring in the world today.However, I do believe I can say that most Americans are proud to be here, and proud to represent the UNITED States, and that pride and love is shared by everyone, kind of like a big family. Just like other countries, there are things that the people tend to be attracted to more than another group of people would. For example, in Mexico, soccer is huge, and almost everyone there is crazy about it, but here in the United States, soccer doesn’t hold near as many fans.Since one doesn’t really know a lo t about the life in the United States, and the things all Americans seem to enjoy, I would like to enlighten you to the one thing that I believe is totally ‘American’. And of coarse, I would have to say its football. Now, no all of Americans enjoy the hazardous sport, but about nine out of ten of them absolutely adore it(including myseld). The competition and the thrill that you get from watching breathtaking game, will most likely have you sitting at the edge of your seat, not wanting to miss a minute of whar you are seeing take place on the television screen.The runs, the cheers, the interceptions, the touchdowns, and most of all the victory when it’s all over is what I believe makes football what is it today in the society of Americans. If you were to meet another Amrican, I can almost guarantee that the person has a favorite football team that they support with all of theit hearts. Football is everywhere: city leages, college teams, professional teams, and

Gender of Nouns in Spanish

Just as maleness or femaleness is an inherent characteristic of most animals, so is gender an inherent characteristic of nouns in Spanish. With only a few exceptions, mostly those of occupations such as dentista, the gender of nouns doesnt change with the context, and a nouns gender determines the form of many adjectives that describe it. Key Takeaways: Spanish Noun Gender Nouns in Spanish can be classified as masculine or feminine. Adjectives and articles referring to a particular noun must have the same gender as the noun.Most nouns keep their gender regardless of the context in which they are used, so there are some masculine nouns that are used for things we may think of as feminine and vice versa.Although there are exceptions, nearly all nouns ending in -o are masculine and most nouns ending in -a are feminine. Grammatical Gender Not Tied to Biological Gender Although Spanish nouns are classified as either feminine or masculine, remember that there can be feminine nouns that describe things we think of as masculine, and vice versa. For example, una jirafa, which is feminine in form, refers to a giraffe whether its male or female, and persona (a feminine noun meaning person) can refer to men as well as women. For some, it might be easier to think of masculine and feminine as simply two classifications rather than giving them a sexual identity. Unlike German and some other Indo-European languages, Spanish has no neuter nouns, although there are uses for the gender as explained below The basic rule is that masculine nouns go with masculine adjectives and articles, and feminine nouns go with feminine adjectives and articles. (In English, the articles are a, an and the. Also note that in Spanish many adjectives dont have separate masculine and feminine forms.) And if you use a pronoun to refer to a masculine noun, you use a masculine pronoun; feminine pronouns refer to feminine nouns. Nouns and adjectives that end in -o (or -os for plurals) generally are masculine, and nouns and adjectives that end in -a (or -as for plurals) generally are feminine, although there are exceptions. For example, cada dà ­a means each day. Dà ­a (day) is a masculine noun; cada (each) can be either feminine or masculine. Since you cant always tell by looking at a noun or knowing its meaning whether its masculine or feminine, most dictionaries use notations (f or m) to indicate the gender. And its common in vocabulary lists to precede words with an el for masculine words and a la for feminine words. (El and la both mean the.) Here are examples that show some of the ways a nouns gender affects the usage of other words. the man: el hombre (masculine article, masculine noun)the woman: la mujer (feminine article, feminine noun)a man: un hombre (masculine article, masculine noun)a woman: una mujer (feminine article, feminine noun)the men: los hombres (masculine article, masculine noun)the women: las mujeres (feminine article, feminine noun)the fat man: el hombre gordo (masculine adjective, masculine noun)the fat woman: la mujer gorda (feminine adjective, feminine noun)some men: unos hombres (masculine determiner, masculine noun)some women: unas mujeres (feminine determiner, feminine noun)He is fat: Él es gordo. (masculine pronoun, masculine adjective)She is fat: Ella es gorda. (feminine pronoun, feminine adjective) If you have two or more nouns that are being described by a single adjective, and they are of mixed genders, the masculine adjective is used. El carro es caro, the car is expensive (masculine noun and adjective).La bicicleta es cara, the bicycle is expensive (feminine noun and adjective).El carro y la bicicleta son caros, the car and the bicycle are expensive (masculine and feminine nouns described by a masculine adjective). Using the Neuter Gender Although Spanish has a neuter gender, it isnt used for words listed in the dictionary as nouns.The neuter is used in two circumstances: A handful of neuter pronouns such as ello are used under limited circumstances as the equivalent of it, this, or that. Such pronouns dont refer to things whose names have gender, however, but rather to concepts or ideas.The neuter definite article lo can be placed before an adjective to create a phrase that functions as a neuter abstract noun. For example, lo difà ­cil can mean the difficult thing or that which is difficult.